APOD 4.8- Unexpected Flare in the Crab Nebula

Over the past few years the Crab Nebula has been observed in gamma ray light by the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope. Scientists have noticed that the nebula pulses occasionally with five times the average gamma rays as usual. No one is completely sure why this occurs however, there is speculation that it is involved with the very compact neutron star at the center of the nebula. This pulsar rotates thirty times per second and could potentially be emitting much of the energy seen by the telescope because of the surrounding magnetic field. The changes in the magnetic field could emit rays of electrons, much similar to the Sun's flares. The pulses from the nebula peak and fade within only a few days.

APOD 4.7- Starry Night of Iceland

Two months ago, over the Jökulsárlón glacial lake in Iceland, this astounding image was taken with a combination of six exposures. The image captures the two green auroral rings. The night sky was full of amazing objects that night as the Milky Way galaxy, the Pleiades, the Andromeda Galaxy and the aurora can be seen in the photo. The auroras were caused by a large coronal mass ejection from the Sun. The auroras are expected to become more frequent as the Sun moves toward the solar maximum, which will result in more coronal ejections.

Margaret Burbudge Biography

      Eleanor Margaret Peachey, later to become Margaret Burbidge, was born in Davenport, England, in August 1919. She is a British-born American astrophysicist. She started studying astronomy in 1936 at the University College in London. She graduated in 1943 with a PhD. She then started to research galaxies through linking a spectrograph to telescopes. At the Yerkes Observatory in the USA her work involved studying B type stars and galaxy structures. In 1945 she was turned down from a Carnegie Fellowship because the Mount Wilson Observatory was only accessible to men at the time. Her undergraduate work was in physics at the University of London where she graduated in 1948. In that year, she married Geoffrey Burbidge, a theoretical physicist. They collaborated on many successful projects in both of their careers.

        In 1950, she applied for a grant at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin. She went to the U.S. for two years in 1951. When she returned to England in 1953, she began researching with Fred Hoyle, William Fowler, and her husband, Geoffrey Burbidge. Together, they published a paper in the Reviews of Modern Physics to demonstrate how elements are synthesized in the nuclear reactors of stars. This study created the B²FH theory.      

        Ten years after being turned down by Carnegie, she was admitted to the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1955. She worked as her husband's assistant until administration found out and allowed her to stay as long as she and her husband stayed in a separate cottage on grounds, rather than in the dormitories.  

         In 1957, the B²FH group presented the result of their studies; elements, except the very lightest, are made through nuclear processes inside of the stars. This discovery won the Warner Prize in 1959. One of Margaret's other significant achievements was that she was one of the first to measure the masses and rotation curves of galaxies and was one of the first to make discoveries regarding quasars.

        She has been noted for original research and holding many administrative posts, including director of the Royal Greenwhich Observatory. She has served at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, University of London Observatory and the California Institute of Technology. From 1979 to 1988 she was also the first director of the Center for Astronomy and Space Sciences at the at USCD. She has been working in this position since 1962. Margaret Burbidge was awarded by President Reagan the National Medal of Science in February of 1985. The asteroid 5490 Burbidge has also been named after this revolutionary astrophysicist. Her recent accomplishments are the development of a faint object spectrograph in 1990 for the Hubble Space Telescope, and continued research of subjects such as intrinsic redshift. Also, she published Quasi-Stellar Objects, the first comprehensive work on quasi-stellar research.

Quasi-stellar objects have active galactic nuclei and are so distant that their stellar systems cannot be resolved. Quasistellar objects show broadened redshifted spectral lines and emit enormous amounts of radio energy. They are some of the most luminous objects in the universe. They have been discovered because of they are high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy.

	Works Cited
	"Margaret Burbidge Biography." Biography Base Home. Web. 12 May 2011. <http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Burbidge_Margaret.htmlhttp://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/Bios/burbidge.htm>.

Tenn, Joe. "The Bruce Medalists: Margaret Burbidge." SSU Department of Physics & Astronomy. JST. Web. 12 May 2011. <http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/burbidgem/>.

Observation 2

Place: Casey Key Beach
Time: About 6:00 A.M.

This morning, from about 6:00 to 6:30 A.M. I was able to see a cluster of planets located a few degrees above the horizon line right before the sunrise. I saw Venus, Mercury, Jupiter and Mars were all within one degree of each other. Mars was difficult to see, but I believe that the two planets that were the brightest were Venus and Mercury. As the sun rose, all of the planets increasingly faded, however Venus stayed visible much longer. It was a unique occasion to see four planets with the naked-eye at one time, as there are only five planets that can be seen without a telescope.

APOD 4.6- Dawn of the Planets

       In Argentina, on May 5th, a spectacular sight ocurred as four out of five planets that can be seen with the naked-eye were visible. The planets, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, and Mars were all grouped closely together and visible near the horizon line at sunrise.Venus was the brightest while Mars was barley visible through clouds. As the month progresses, the planets will move up toward the Sun, so that soon Mars and Venus will be more easily seen in the morning sky.

Zooniverse

As I have competed about ten hours of work on the Zooniverse website, I have become much better at recognizing "bubbles", galaxies, dark nebulae, star clusters, and green knots within the pictures of the Milky Way gathered from the telescopes. It is interesting to see the differences between pictures of different parts of the universe; some pictures are merely black with stars scattered about, whereas some photos are full of bubbles with green knots and bright red objects within them.

APOD 4.5- The Antennae

Nearly 60 million light-years away in the constellation of Corvus, molecular clouds of two galaxies are colliding and causing mass star formation to occur. Although the clouds of dust are colliding together, NGC 4038 and NGC 4039, the stars within the galaxies, are not colliding. This process of collision will take hundreds of millions of years for the galaxies completely move together. The two galaxies span about 500 thousand light-years across and parts of dust and stellar material expands out even further from the collision as it has been moved by gravitational tidal forces. As the trails of dust material is left behind, it form what appears to be the antennae of the galaxies.